Architecture

Director of undergraduate studies: Michael Schlabs, RDH, 180 York St.; architecture.yale.edu

Architecture is a humanistic endeavor. The purpose of the undergraduate major is to include the study of architecture within a comprehensive liberal arts education, drawing from the broader academic and professional environment of the Yale School of Architecture. The curriculum includes work in design; in history, theory, and criticism of architecture; and in urbanism, and leads to a bachelor of arts degree with a major in Architecture. As a liberal arts major in Yale College, it is not an accredited professional degree program. For accredited professional degree programs, refer to the requirements of the National Architectural Accrediting Board (NAAB).

Introductory Courses for Nonmajors and Majors

Introductory courses are ARCH 1001, 2000, and 2600. They are open to all Yale College students and are required for those interested in the Architecture major prior to submitting a Declaration of Intent to Major. Interested students may also consider courses such as ARCH 1300, 1600, 2001, 2003, 2103, or 2601.

Prerequisites

Three courses are prerequisite for all concentrations: ARCH 10012000; and one of the following: ARCH 2103, 2600, or 2601.

Requirements of the Major   

Students majoring in Architecture are required to take fifteen course credits, including prerequisites and the senior requirement. Majors are expected to take the three prerequisites by the end of their sophomore year and to complete a core of four courses, for five course credits, by the end of their junior year. They must also base their studies in one of two areas of concentration: the Design concentration or the History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration. Majors are also required to complete three orientation sessions: advanced technology orientation, library orientation, and shop orientation. Within the concentrations, electives are categorized under four broad subject areas: history and theory of architecture and the city; urbanism and landscape; materials and design; and structures and computation.

Design concentration The Design concentration explores the role of architecture in shaping the world around us. It introduces complex processes involved in solving spatial and programmatic problems. Creative work is grounded in the study of history and culture, and in the analysis of social conditions influencing architecture. Design studios provide a forum for production and discourse. Studio projects address issues of architectural form, space, composition, site, tectonics, and programs within broader humanistic ideals. 

For the Design concentration, the following additional courses are required:

  1. A core of four courses: the studio courses ARCH 3000 and 3001 taken during the junior year after the student is accepted into the major; and the history of architecture surveys, ARCH 2001 and 2003, to be completed by the end of the junior year
  2. One elective in history and theory of architecture and the city as outlined in the elective options below 
  3. One elective in urbanism and landscape as outlined in the elective options below 
  4. One elective in materials and design as outlined in the elective options below
  5. One elective in structures and computation as outlined in the elective options below 
  6. The senior requirement, ARCH 4000 and 4001

History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration The History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration is intended to establish a broad historical and intellectual framework for the study of architecture and the city. An interdisciplinary approach is encouraged through additional courses taken in various fields of humanities and social sciences. Such courses may include archaeology, urban studies, aesthetics, philosophy, or visual culture. Permission of the director of undergraduate studies (DUS) is required if the courses fall outside the specified course of studies. During their senior year students complete a senior essay or project on a topic approved by the faculty.

For the History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration, the following additional courses are required:

  1. A core of four courses: ARCH 3000 taken during the fall term of junior year; a second design studio or urban laboratory (e.g. ARCH 3301, ARCH 3305) or an elective approved by the DUS, taken during the spring term of junior year; and the history of architecture surveys ARCH 2001 and 2003 to be completed by the end of junior year
  2. Four electives in history and theory of architecture and the city, as outlined in the elective options below and approved by the DUS
  3. One elective in urbanism and landscape, materials and design, or structures and computation, or other relevant course approved by the DUS as outlined in the elective options below
  4. The senior requirement, ARCH 4900 and 4910

Elective Options in subject areas

See Links to the attributes indicating courses approved for Architecture major requirements.

History and theory of architecture and the city Electives can be chosen from ARCH 0002, 2101, 3102, ARCH 3103, 3108, 31153601, 3106, 3400, 3602, 3109, 2103, 3110, or other relevant courses in History of Art and other, related fields approved by the DUS. Examples of approved courses include: HSAR 1143, 1160, 3221, and 4432.

Urbanism and landscape Electives can be chosen from ARCH 16003102, ARCH 3103, 3601, 2601 or other relevant courses in American Studies; Ethics, Politics, and Economics; Environmental Studies; or Political Science approved by the DUS. Examples include: AFAM 1946, 1964, 2961, and 3326; AFST 2238, and 3366; AMST 0031,  2258, 3310; ER&M 2000, 1678, 3393EVST 22193255; SOCY 2001, 2103, 3715.

Materials and design Electives can be chosen from ARCH 1300, 1301, 3400; ART courses in drawing, painting, sculpture, or graphic design; or any other relevant course approved by the DUS. 

Structures and computation Electives can be chosen from ARCH 1400, an approved calculus course such as MATH 112011501200, or physics course such as PHYS 1800, 2000 or other relevant course approved by the DUS. One example of an approved course is MENG 2311. (Elementary calculus is strongly recommended as preparation for graduate studies in architecture.)

Required Orientations

Advanced Technology orientation All Architecture students are required to complete orientation sessions in the advanced technology workshop and materials laboratory. Students enrolled in ARCH 2000 must complete these sessions at the beginning of the spring term of the sophomore year. Access to digital media equipment is not allowed until the required orientation sessions have been completed. Questions should be addressed to the DUS or the director of advanced technology, Vincent Guerrero, 432-7552.

Library orientation The Architecture program requires all students to complete a ninety-minute introductory library research session. Students enrolled in ARCH 2000 must take this session at the beginning of the spring term of their sophomore year. Failure to complete the required orientation precludes completion of the major. Students may not offer substitutions for this orientation. Orientation sessions may be coordinated by the Arts Librarian for Research Services, Tess Colwell, 432-2641. Questions should be addressed to the DUS.

Shop orientation The Architecture program requires all majors to complete several woodshop and materials lab orientation sessions. Students who plan to enroll in ARCH 3000 must take these sessions at the beginning of the fall term in the junior year, before the first day of classes. Access to the woodshop and materials lab is not allowed until the required orientation sessions have been completed. Questions should be addressed to the DUS or to the shop coordinator, Timothy Newton, 432-7234.

Credit/D/Fail No course taken Credit/D/Fail may be applied toward the requirements of the major. 

Outside credit Courses taken at another institution or during an approved summer or term-time study abroad program may count toward the major requirements with DUS approval. 

Senior Requirement 

Seniors in the Design concentration take ARCH 4000 in the fall term and 4001 in the spring term. Seniors in the History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration take ARCH 4900 in the fall term and 4910 in the spring term. Proposals for senior projects and essays are submitted in the fall term for review and approval by the senior project coordinator; they are then distributed to faculty members for review. Upon successful review, students may ask faculty members to act as senior advisers. Senior essays and projects for ARCH 4910 are due in the office of the DUS by early April. Design projects for ARCH 4001 are due as specified by the course instructor. All seniors must submit a portfolio of their work to the office of the DUS by the end of spring semester. For all architecture majors, this portfolio must be representative of the student's design work including prerequisites and the senior project. History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism majors must also include a copy of the senior essay and other appropriate texts.

Advising and declaration of intent to major

Yale College students interested in the Architecture major must submit a Declaration of Intent to Major during the spring term of their sophomore year, after taking ARCH 1001, 2000, and one of the following: ARCH 21032600, or 2601. The Declaration of Intent to Major form, available on Yale Hub, must be submitted to the office of the DUS (contact DUS for deadlines) and must include the following information: name, address, telephone number, courses related to architecture already taken, and a statement of purpose. Students should also indicate their desired concentration at this time. Additionally, students are required to submit a writing sample in the form of a paper from ARCH 2600 (or other course approved by the DUS), and are encouraged to submit an electronic portfolio representative of coursework for ARCH 1001 and 2000. Upon the successful completion of these requirements, students are notified in writing regarding their acceptance to the major. Refer to the department website for important deadlines.

Courses in the School of Architecture Unless otherwise indicated in the course descriptions, all courses in the School of Architecture are open to majors and nonmajors with permission of the instructor and the graduate registrar. They are not available for the Credit/D/Fail option. Students are admitted on the basis of their previous coursework and previous performance.

SUMMARY OF MAJOR REQUIREMENTS

Prerequisites ARCH 1001, 2000, and one of the following: ARCH 2103, 2600, or 2601

Number of courses 15 course credits (incl prereqs and senior req)

Specific courses required Design concentrationARCH 3000, 30012001, 2003History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture and Urbanism concentrationARCH 3000; ARCH 3301, 3305, or an elective course approved by DUS; ARCH 2001; and ARCH 2003

Distribution of coursesDesign concentration—1 elective in history and theory of arch and the city, 1 in urbanism and landscape, 1 in materials and design, 1 in structures and computation, all approved by DUS; History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration—4 electives in history and theory of arch and city; 1 elective in urbanism and landscape, or materials and design, or structures and computation, or other relevant course; all approved by DUS

Other requirements Orientation sessions in advanced technology, library, and shop

Senior requirement Both concentrations—portfolio representative of design work, including prereqs and senior req; Design concentration— ARCH 4000 and ARCH 4001; History, Theory, and Criticism of Architecture and Urbanism concentrationARCH 4900 and 4910

Prerequisites (to be taken by end of sophomore year)

Requirements 13 courses (15 credits), including prerequisites and senior req

  • 3 orientation sessions (advanced technology, library, shop) 
  • Students chose to fulfill the Design Concentration or the History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration (see Overview for more detailed descriptions of possible electives) 

Design concentration

  • ARCH 3000 (1.5 credits) 

  • ARCH 3001 (1.5 credits) 

  • ARCH 2001  

  • ARCH 2003    

  • 1 history and theory of architecture and the city elective 

  • 1 urbanism and landscape elective 

  • 1 materials and design elective 

  • 1 structures and computation elective 

  • portfolio of design work

  • ARCH 4000 (1.5 credits) 

  • ARCH 4001 (1.5 credits)  

History, Theory, Criticism of Architecture, and Urbanism concentration: 

  • ARCH 3000 (1.5 credits)

  • ARCH 3305 (1.5 credits) or ARCH 3301 (1.5 credits) or elective approved by DUS

  • ARCH 2001  

  • ARCH 2003  

  • 4 history and theory of architecture and the city electives  

  • 1 elective in urbanism and landscape, materials and design, or structures and computation or other relevant course approved by the DUS

  • portfolio of design work

  • ARCH 4900  

  • ARCH 4910 

Electives require DUS approval  

A liberal arts education provides an ideal framework for studying architecture. Students in the major understand and pursue architecture as a humanistic endeavor. They graduate with a comprehensive understanding of the discipline of architecture as it relates to the ideas, concepts, and methods of designing buildings, cities, and landscapes within the broader context of culture. The major includes coursework in design, history and theory, urbanism, landscape, and technology, and leads to a bachelor of arts degree. Architecture majors are prepared for advanced study in a variety of fields, including architecture, art, history of art, urban planning, environmental studies, social studies, and public affairs.

The major is open to all students; sophomores submit a Declaration of Intent to Major form after taking three prerequisite courses.

The Architecture program offers several courses open to first-year students, including those listed below. First-year students may also take architecture courses offered through Yale Summer Session.

  • ARCH 0001 Architectures of Urbanism: Thinking, Seeing, Writing the Just City
  • ARCH 1300 Drawing Architecture
  • ARCH 2001 History of Architecture to 1750
  • ARCH 2003 Modern Architecture in a Global Context, 1750-present
  • ARCH 2103 Globalization Space

MEMBERS OF THE SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE TEACHING IN YALE COLLEGE

Professors  Turner Brooks (Adjunct), Keller Easterling, Steven Harris (Adjunct), Eeva-Liisa Pelkonen, Alan Plattus, Alexander Purves (Emeritus)

Associate Professors Kyoung Sun Moon, Elihu Rubin

Assistant Professors Anthony Acciavatti (Visiting), Sunil Bald (Adjunct), Joyce Hsiang, Bimal Mendis (Adjunct)

Senior Lecturers  Marta Justo Caldeira, Bryan Fuermann

Lecturers Kyle Dugdale, Jerome Haferd, Erleen Hatfield, Justin Moore

Senior Critics  Katherine Davies, Andrei Harwell, Gavin Hogben

Critics Anne Barrett, Adam Hopfner, George Knight, Timothy Newton, M. Surry Schlabs

ARCH 1001a, Introduction to ArchitectureTrattie Davies and Alexander Purves

Lectures and readings in the language of architecture. Architectural vocabulary, elements, functions, and ideals. Notebooks and projects required. Not open to first-year students. Required for all Architecture majors.  HU
MWF 9:25am-10:15am

* ARCH 1300b, Drawing ArchitectureGeorge Knight

Introduction to the visual and analytical skills necessary to communicate architectural ideas. Observation and documentation of architectural space on the Yale campus. Drawing exercises introduce the conventions of architectural representation: plan, section, elevation, and isometric drawings, as well as freehand perceptual drawings of architectural space.
T 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 1301b, Materials in ArchitectureStaff

Science and technology of basic building materials studied together with historic and current design applications. Skills and processes required to create, shape, and connect materials experienced through hands-on projects. Technical notebooks, drawings, design and build exercises, and projects required. Enrollment limited to 20.  0 Course cr
HTBA

* ARCH 1400b, Introduction to StructuresStaff

Basic principles governing the behavior of building structures. Developments in structural form combined with the study of force systems, laws of statics, and mechanics of materials and members and their application to a variety of structural systems. Prerequisites: trigonometry and some knowledge of calculus. Enrollment limited to 20.  QR, SC
HTBA

ARCH 1600b / URBN 1300b, Introduction to Urban StudiesAna Duran

An introduction to key topics, research methods, and practices in urban studies, an interdisciplinary field of inquiry and action rooted in the experience of cities. As physical artifacts, the advent of large cities have reflected rapid industrialization and advanced capitalism. They are inseparable from the organization of economic life; the flourishing of cultures; and the formation of identities. They are also places where power is concentrated and inequalities are (re)produced. Debates around equity are filtered through urban environments, where struggles over jobs, housing, education, mobility, public health, and public safety are front and center. The course is organized as a colloquium with numerous guests. Accessible entirely online, there will also be live, in-person events, with social distancing and face masks/shields, available to students in New Haven.  HU, SO0 Course cr
MW 11:35am-12:50pm

ARCH 2000b / EVST 2000b / URBN 2000b, Scales of DesignBimal Mendis

Exploration of architecture and urbanism at multiple scales from the human to the world. Consideration of how design influences and shapes the material and conceptual spheres through four distinct subjects: the human, the building, the city, and the world. Examination of the role of architects, as designers, in constructing and shaping the inhabited and urban world. Lectures, readings, reviews and four assignments that address the spatial and visual ramifications of design.Not open to first-year students. Required for all Architecture majors.  HU
Th 11:35am-1:25pm

ARCH 2001a / HSAR 3326a, History of Architecture to 1750Staff

Introduction to the history of architecture from antiquity to the dawn of the Enlightenment, focusing on narratives that continue to inform the present. The course begins in Africa and Mesopotamia, follows routes from the Mediterranean into Asia and back to Rome, Byzantium, and the Middle East, and then circulates back to mediaeval Europe, before juxtaposing the indigenous structures of Africa and America with the increasingly global fabrications of the Renaissance and Baroque. Emphasis on challenging preconceptions, developing visual intelligence, and learning to read architecture as a story that can both register and transcend place and time, embodying ideas within material structures that survive across the centuries in often unexpected ways.  HU0 Course cr
HTBA

* ARCH 2104a / HSAR 4361a, How to Design a Renaissance BuildingMorgan Ng

During the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, European architects and their patrons conceived buildings of newfound scale and artistic ambition—buildings that vied in grandeur with the monuments of classical antiquity. Before realizing such structures, however, architects first had to draw and model them. What graphic mediums and tools allowed them to visualize such large, complex works? What imaginative processes fueled their creativity? What innovations did they borrow from other disciplines, such as painting, sculpture, archaeology, and the geometrical sciences? And to what extent can scholars today reconstruct these past practices?  HU
Th 1:30pm-3:20pm

ARCH 2105a / HIST 1755 / HSHM 2390, Reckoning Environmental Uncertainty: A Global History since 1100Staff

This lecture course focuses on a series of historical episodes since 1100 C.E. that present different approaches to reckoning with environmental uncertainty. Topics range from environmental management during the Southern Song Dynasty to seafaring across the Pacific Ocean and from patchworks of agriculture and urban centers throughout the Indo-Gangetic plains to the proliferation of observatories across the globe to monitor weather patterns. What ties these diverse places and histories together is but one goal: to understand how strategies for claiming knowledge are entangled with environmental uncertainty. Steeped within the histories of science, technology, and the environment, the course presents a variety of approaches to how people have come to know the world around them and what they have done to account for environmental change.  HU0 Course cr
MW 4pm-5:15pm

ARCH 2600a / AMST 1197a / HIST 1125a / HSAR 3219a / URBN 1101a, American Architecture and UrbanismStaff

Introduction to the study of buildings, architects, architectural styles, and urban landscapes, viewed in their economic, political, social, and cultural contexts, from precolonial times to the present. Topics include: public and private investment in the built environment; the history of housing in America; the organization of architectural practice; race, gender, ethnicity and the right to the city; the social and political nature of city building; and the transnational nature of American architecture.  HU0 Course cr
TTh 11:35am-12:25pm

ARCH 2601a / URBN 1102a, Introduction to Urban DesignStaff

Introduction to the history, analysis, and design of the urban landscape. Principles, processes, and contemporary theories of urban design; relationships between individual buildings, groups of buildings, and their larger physical and cultural contexts. Case studies from New Haven and other world cities.  HU0 Course cr
W 9:30am-11:10am

* ARCH 3000a, Methods and Form in Architecture IMichael Schlabs and Anne Barrett

Analysis of architectural design of specific places and structures. Analysis is governed by principles of form in landscape, program, ornament, and space, and includes design methods and techniques. Readings and studio exercises required. Enrollment limited to 25. Open only to Architecture majors.  1½ Course cr
MWF 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 3001b, Methods and Form in Architecture IIStaff

Continuation of ARCH 250. Analysis of architectural design of specific places and structures. Analysis is governed by principles of form in landscape, program, ornament, and space, and includes design methods and techniques. Readings and studio exercises required.  1½ Course cr
MWF 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 3102a / URBN 3303a, History of Landscape in Western Europe and the United States: Antiquity to 1950Warren Fuermann

This course is designed as an introductory survey of the history of landscape architecture and the wider, cultivated landscape in Western Europe and the United States from the Ancient Roman period to mid-twentieth century America. Included in the lectures, presented chronologically, are the gardens of Ancient Rome, medieval Europe, the early and late Italian Renaissance, 17th century France, 18th century Britain, 19th century Britain and America with its public and national parks, and mid-twentieth century America. The course focuses each week on one of these periods, analyzes in detail iconic gardens of the period, and placse them within their historical and theoretical context.  HURP
Th 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 3103b / URBN 3315b, Revolutionary Cities: Protest, Rebellion and Representation in Modern Urban SpaceAlan Plattus

Cities have always been hotbeds of radical ideas and actions. Their cafes and taverns, drawing rooms and universities have been incubators of new ideas, revolutionary ideologies and debate, while their streets and public spaces have been the sites of demonstrations, protests, and uprisings. Since cities are key nodes in larger networks of trade and cultural exchange, these local events have often had a global audience and impact. This seminar explores the interaction of urban space and event, and the media and technologies of revolutionary representation, through case studies of particular cities at transformational moments in their development. These begin with Boston in the 1760s and 1770s, and may include Paris in 1789, 1830, 1848, 1871 and again in 1968, St. Petersburg in 1917, Beijing in 1949 and again in 1989, Havana in 1959, Prague, Berlin and Johannesburg and other cities in 1989, Cairo in 2011, Hong Kong in 2011-12, 2014 and 2019, and other urban sites of the Occupy and Black Lives Matter movements. Course work in modern history is recommended.  HU
HTBA

* ARCH 3106b, Creativity, Innovation, and “The New”Mark Gage

This seminar explores the role of “The New” in the design of our world. Through exploring the history of newness as an idea, its current understanding within philosophy, and examining its understanding in multiple creative fields today including art, architecture, product design, social microcultures, cars, food, fashion, and toys, students gain both knowledge about the role of “The New” in human society and are exposed to cutting-edge ideas in multiple disciplines. Through the study of emerging creative trends, detailed historic case studies, both philosophical and popular readings, and engaged group discussion we examine the very concept of “The New” from all possible angles—what it is, its history, why it is desired, the motivations of those that produce and promote it, who profits from it, and the morality of its continued rehearsal in a world with evolving ethics regarding the use of human labor and natural resources in the production of things. This course encourages students to consider these positions through not only research, presentations and discussion, but also speculative ‘making’ that challenges students to address the subject of “The New” themselves—through the very process of design. No particular skills or previous exposure to the design world is required.   HU
Th 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 3108b, GroundlessnessIfe Vanable

Groundlessness offers an extra-disciplinary interrogation and analysis of histories, theories, and inventions of zoning, land use classification, property valuation, and air rights in the making and imagining of territories deemed urban and otherwise from the late nineteenth century (following Reconstruction in the United States) to the present. Working across media from policy to poetry, film to form, memoir to historiography, fiction to finance, Groundlessness troubles and complicates the grounds and grounding(s) of urban and environmental imaginaries. Attending to cultural, aesthetic, technological, legal, economic, and environmental conditions, this course asks how these factors shape the work of the racial as visually and spatially performed (and in part, contribute to disdain for housing the black and poor in tall towers; the difficulty with imagining folks racialized as black holding a position up in the sky). Groundlessness explores the many ways the work of constructing the built environment occurs well before and beyond the involvement of any architect; and ultimately seeks out the promise and freedoms of leaving the land behind (and below), living untethered from the land, on invented lands, unstable ground, off the ground, and up high.  WR, HU, SO
T 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 3109b / ER&M 1638b / WGSS 3334b, Making the Inclusive Museum: Race, Gender, Disability and the Politics of DisplayJoel Sanders

BLM and COVID-19 have underscored the imperative for public institutions like art museums to reckon with a longstanding dilemma: museum architecture, working in relationship with the art it displays, perpetuation of white supremacy, heteronormativity, and ableism. This seminar uses the resources of the Yale University Art Gallery and the Yale Center for British Art to situate this contemporary challenge in a cultural and historical context by tracing the intertwined histories of art and gallery architecture from the 16th century to today. Looking back allows us to imagine alternative futures: we consider the work of contemporary scholars, artists, designers, and public health experts who are developing strategies for making 21st-century museums inclusive environments that promote multi-sensory experiences among people of different races, genders, and abilities. Instructor permission is required based on the submission of an Expression of Interest with the following info: Name, Class year, Major/Concentration, Email and a paragraph describing relevant experiences that would allow you to make a meaningful contribution to the class.  HURP
Th 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 3120a, Nonfiction WritingChristopher Hawthorne

A seminar and workshop in the craft of nonfiction writing as pertains to a given subcategory or genre. Each section focuses on a different form of nonfiction writing and explores its distinctive features through a variety of written and oral assignments. Students read key texts as models and analyze their compositional strategies. They then practice the fundamentals of nonfiction in writing and revising their own essays. Section topics, which change yearly, are listed at the beginning of each term on the English department website. This course may be repeated for credit in a section that treats a different genre or style of writing; ENGL 121 and ENGL 3461 may not be taken for credit on the same topic. Formerly ENGL 421.  WR, HU
TTh 11:35am-12:50pm

* ARCH 3304a / URBN 3603a, Urban Lab: An Urban WorldJoyce Hsiang

Understanding the urban environment through methods of research, spatial analysis, and diverse means of representation that address historical, social, political, and environmental issues that consider design at the scale of the entire world. Through timelines, maps, diagrams, collages and film, students frame a unique spatial problem and speculate on urbanization at the global scale.  Prerequisites: For non-majors: permission of the instructor is required. For ARCH majors: ARCH 150, 200, and 280.   HU1½ Course cr
W 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 3601a / URBN 3306a, Difference and the CityJustin Moore

Four hundred and odd years after colonialism and racial capitalism brought twenty and odd people from Africa to the dispossessed indigenous land that would become the United States, the structures and systems that generate inequality and white supremacy persist. Our cities and their socioeconomic and built environments continue to exemplify difference. From housing and health to mobility and monuments, cities small and large, north and south, continue to demonstrate intractable disparities. The disparate impacts made apparent by the COVID-19 pandemic and the reinvigorated and global Black Lives Matter movement demanding change are remarkable. Change, of course, is another essential indicator of difference in urban environments, exemplified by the phenomena of disinvestment or gentrification. This course explores how issues like climate change and growing income inequality intersect with politics, culture, gender equality, immigration and migration, technology, and other considerations and forms of disruption. 
T 11am-1pm

* ARCH 4000a, Senior StudioAdam Hopfner

Advanced problems with emphasis on architectural implications of contemporary cultural issues. The complex relationship among space, materials, and program. Emphasis on the development of representations—drawings and models—that effectively communicate architectural ideas. To be taken before ARCH 494. Enrollment limited to Architecture majors.  1½ Course cr
MWF 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 4001b, Senior Project Design StudioGavin Hogben and Steven Harris

Individual design investigations, focusing on independence and precision in the deployment of design ideas. Reliance on visual and nonverbal presentations. Development of a three-dimensional component, such as large-scale mock details, or other visual means of presentation, which might include photography, film, video, or interactive media. Examination of the skills, topics, and preparation to support design research.  1½ Course cr
MWF 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 4700a or b, Individual TutorialMichael Schlabs

Special courses may be established with individual members of the department only. The following conditions apply: (1) a prospectus describing the nature of the studio program and the readings to be covered must be approved by both the instructor and the director of undergraduate studies; (2) regular meetings must take place between student and instructor; (3) midterm and final reviews are required. For juniors and seniors with DUS approval; meetings by appointment with DUS.
HTBA

* ARCH 4701a or b, Individual Tutorial LabMichael Schlabs

n/a n/a  ½ Course cr
HTBA

* ARCH 4900a / URBN 4900a, Senior Research ColloquiumKyle Dugdale

Research and writing colloquium for seniors in the Urban Studies and History, Theory, and Criticism tracks. Under guidance of the instructor and members of the Architecture faculty, students define their research proposals, shape a bibliography, improve research skills, and seek criticism of individual research agendas. Requirements include proposal drafts, comparative case study analyses, presentations to faculty, and the formation of a visual argument. Guest speakers and class trips to exhibitions, lectures, and special collections encourage use of Yale's resources.
T 1:30pm-3:20pm

* ARCH 4910b / URBN 4910b, Senior ProjectKyle Dugdale

An essay or project in the student's area of concentration. Students in the history, theory, and criticism track or in the urban studies track pursue independent research with an adviser; this project must terminate in a senior essay.
HTBA