This section provides information on all degree-granting departments and programs of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. Each listing provides a roster of faculty, special admissions and degree requirements, and course offerings for that department or program. The requirements appearing in the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Programs and Policies take precedence over any statements published separately by individual departments and programs.

The degree requirements of the graduate school itself appear later in this publication, under Policies and Regulations. These apply to all students in the graduate school, although there are variations in the pattern of their fulfillment in individual departments and programs. The requirements of the graduate school may change from time to time. If a requirement changes within the period normally required for completion of a student’s course of study, the student will normally be given the choice of completing either the new or the old requirement.

The requirements of individual departments also may change from time to time, with the approval of the graduate school. All changes in departmental degree requirements occurring after the publication closing date of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Programs and Policies bulletin are posted on the departments’ websites. General changes to degree requirements will be posted on the graduate school’s website (https://gsas.yale.edu).

The course listings and instructors reflect information received by the registrar as of the publication date and are subject to change without notice. Students are advised to consult https://courses.yale.edu for the most recent information.

Fall-term courses are indicated by the letter “a,” spring-term courses by the letter “b”; summer courses are indicated by the letter “c.” A course designated “a or b” is the same course given in both terms. Yearlong courses list both “a” and “b.” Courses in brackets are not offered during the current academic year.